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Calculate Theoretical Rates of Heating and Cooling for Glass

The calculated values below assume glass is heated and cooled from both sides in a retort with excellent temperature control and circulation. Annealing must be controlled within one degree Fahrenheit. Ovens with proportional control, no hot/cold zones and good circulation would be necessary. Ovens with low thermal mass of fiber rather than brick would also be required.

Pressure in PSI for Heating from Room Temperature through Annealing; Surface expanding faster than interior during heating

Pressure in PSI for Cooling through the Annealing Range i.e. 900-700 degrees Fahrenheit; Surface contracting faster than interior=Surface in tension, Interior in compression

Pressure in PSI for Cooling from below the Annealing Range to Room Temperature i.e. 700-70 degrees Fahrenheit. No Further annealing occurs at temperatures below the annealing range. Only concern is thermal shock. Surface contracting faster than interior=Surface in tension, Interior in compression

Enter Glass Thickness in Inches

Enter Glass Coefficient of Expansion

Rate of Heating from Room Temperature Through Annealing in Degrees Fahrenheit per Minute

Rate of Cooling through the Annealing Range in Degrees Fahrenheit per Minute

Rate of Cooling from Below the Annealing Range to Room Temperature in Degrees Fahrenheit per Minute

Chemical Approach to Glass by Milos B. Volf

Sample Chapter - 7. Sodium and Potassium

Table of Contents. Customers interested in viewing additional chapters may contact me by email

1.1.

PART I

2.1.

2.2.

2.3.

2.4.

2.5.

2.6.

2.7.

2.8.

2.9.

2.10 .

2.11.

2.12.

2.13.

Preface

List of Symbols

GENERAL

Introduction to the Chemistry of Glass

Chemistry of Glass: Definition and Scope

Constitution of Glasses

Glass and the Periodic System of the Elements

Internuclear Distance

Polarizability of Ions and its Effect on the Properties of Glasses

Bond strength

Ionization Energy and Electronegativity

Coordination

The V-phenomenon

The System of the Constitutional Elements of Glasses

Acid-Base Properties

The Properties of Glasses and their Relationship to the Characteristics of

Elements

Changes in Properties Due to Interaction between Glass Components

Table I. Fundamental Characteristics of Elements

Table II. Characteristics of Elements in Bonds with Oxygen

Table III. Partial Properties of Oxides in Glass Expressed by Appen's Factors, g^ (for 1 mole-%)

Table IV. Periodic System of the Elements

118

128

132

134

PART II - INDIVIDUAL ELEMENTS

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

36.

37.

38.

39.

40.

41.

42.

43.

44.

45.

46.

47.

48.

Electropositive Elements

Typical Elements

Silicon

Boron

Phosphorus

Lithium

Sodium and Potassium

Rubidium and Caesium

Beryllium

Magnesium

Calcium

Strontium

Barium

Aluminium

Transition elements

Colour-indifferent Transition Elements

Zirconium

Tantalum

Vanadium

Chromium

Manganese

Iron

Cobalt

Nickel

Molybdenum and Tungsten

Uranium

Light and Heavy Platinum Metals

Lanthanoids

Elements of the B-subgroups

Germanium

Tin

Gallium and Indium

Zinc

Cadmium

Mercury

Thallium

Lead

Bismuth

Arsenic and Antimony

Copper

Silver

Gold

Electronegative Elements

Hydrogen and Water

Oxygen

Nitrogen. Nitrates. Ammonium Salts

Sulphur

Selenium

Tellurium

Halogens

Rare Gases

141

158

208

219

229

236

239

246

255

269

270

280

303

306

315

326

334

340

347

360

366

372

379

386

391

406

411

416

418

426

438

441

443

465

470

477

485

493

497

508

518

524

544

552

564

578

Subject Index

583

Owens Machine Film From Society for Historical Archaeology Website http://www.sha.org/bottle/index.htm

Early 20th Century Glassblowing Film From Society for Historical Archaeology Website http://www.sha.org/bottle/index.htm

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